References on noise and SNR in Magnetic Resonance imaging

Below, you'll find chronologically ordered references on noise and signal-to-noise in MRI. For your convenience, the author names are linked to the corresponding home page or email-address (as far as I could trace them on the net). So if you have questions or requests regarding a paper listed below, just contact the proper author.

Please let me know if you have additional references regarding this subject.

2007

• J. Sijbers, D. Poot, A. J. den Dekker, and W. Pintjens
  "Automatic estimation of the noise variance from the histogram of a magnetic resonance image",
  Physics in Medicicine and Biology, Vol. 52, p. 1335-1348, 2007
  View PDF file
  

2006

• Koay CG, Basser PJ.,
  Analytically exact correction scheme for signal extraction from noisy magnitude MR signals.
  J Magn Reson. 2006 Apr;179(2):317-22

2005

• Kellman P, McVeigh E.R.,
  Image reconstruction in SNR units: a general method for SNR measurement.
  Magn Reson Med. 2005 Dec;54(6):1439-47.
  


• Chen B, Hsu EW.,
  Noise removal in magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging.
  Magn Reson Med. 2005 Aug;54(2):393-401.
  

2004

• J. Sijbers and A. J. den Dekker,
  "Maximum Likelihood estimation of signal amplitude and noise variance from MR data",
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 51, Nr. 3, p. 586-594, (2004)
  View PDF file
  


• Samsonov AA, Johnson CR
  Noise-adaptive nonlinear diffusion filtering of MR images with spatially varying noise levels.
  Magn Reson Med. 2004 Oct;52(4):798-806.
  


• Wiesinger F, Boesiger P, Pruessmann KP.
  Electrodynamics and ultimate SNR in parallel MR imaging.
  Magn Reson Med. 2004 Aug;52(2):376-90.
  

2003

• Ohliger MA, Grant AK, Sodickson DK.
  Ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio for parallel MRI: electromagnetic field considerations.
  Magn Reson Med. 2003 Nov;50(5):1018-30.
  

2002

• R. Watts and Y. Wang
  k-Space interpretation of the Rose model: noise limitation on the detectable resolution in MRI
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 48, p. 550-554, (2002)
  

2000

• Y.-H. Kao and J. R. MacFall
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Correction of MR k-Space Data Corrupted by Spike Noise
  IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Vol. 19, Nr. 7, p. 671-680, (2000)
  


• Alexander M.E., Baumgarter R., Summers A.R., Windishberger C., Klarhoefer M., Moser E., and Somorjai R. L.
  A wavelet-based method for improving signal-to-noise ratio and contrast in MR images
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 18, p. 169-180, (2000)
  

1999

• Cunningham I. A. and R. Shaw
  Noise in imaging systems and human vision: Signal-to-noise optimization of medical imaging systems
  Journal of the Optical Society of America - A, Vol. 16, Nr. 3, p. 621-632, (1999)
  


• Firbank M.J., Coulthard A., Harrison R.M., and Williams E.D.
  A comparison of two methods for measuring the signal to noise ratio on MR images
  Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 44, Nr. 12, p. 261-264, (1999)
  


• Nowak R. D.
  Wavelet-based Rician noise removal for magnetic resonance imaging
  IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 8, Nr. 10, p. 1408-1419, (1999)
  


• Wood J. C. and M. K. Johnson
  Wavelet packet denoising of magnetic resonance images: importance of Rician noise at low SNR
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 41, Nr. 3, p. 631-635, (1999)
  


• Zaroubi S. and Goelman G.
  Complex denoising of MR data via wavelet analysis: Application for functional MRI
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 18, Nr. 1, p. 59 - 68, (2000)
  

1998

• Elliott M. A., Insko E. K., Greenman R. L., and Leigh J. S.
  Improved Resolution and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in MRI via Enhanced Signal Digitization
  Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 130, Nr. 2, p. 300-304, (1998)
  


• Ocali O. and Atalar E.
  Ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio in MRI
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 39, p. 462-473, (1998)
  


• Redpath T. W.
  Signal-to-noise ratio in MRI
  The British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 71, p. 704-707, (1998)
  


• Sijbers J.,
  Signal and Noise Estimation from Magnetic Resonance Images
  Ph.D. Thesis -> Table of contents and Downloads, May, (1998)
  


• Sijbers J., den Dekker A. J., Van Audekerke J., Verhoye M., and Van Dyck D.
  Estimation of the noise in magnitude MR images
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 16, Nr. 1, 87-90, (1998)
  

1997

• Constantinides C. D., Atalar E., and McVeigh E. R.
  Signal-to-noise measurements in magnitude images from NMR phased arrays
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 38, p. 852-857, (1997)
  


• Cho Z.H., Park S.H., Kim J.H., Chung S.C., Chung S.T., Chung J.Y., Moon C.W., Yi J.H., Sin C.H., and Wong E.K.
  Analysis and measurement of acoustic noise in MRI
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 15, Nr. 7, p. 823-837, (1997)
  


• Counter S. A., Olofsson A., Grahn H. F., and Borg E.
  MRI acoustic noise: Sound pressure and frequency analysis
  Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 7, Nr. 3, p. 606-611, (1997)
  


• De Wilde J. P., Lunt J. A. and Straughan K.
  Information in magnetic resonance images: evaluation of signal, noise and contrast
  Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing,, Vol. 35, p. 259-265, (1997)
  

1996

• Andersen A. H. and Kirsch J. E.
  Analysis of noise in phase contrast MR imaging
  Medical Physics, Vol. 23, Nr. 6, p. 857-869, (1996)
  


• Andersen A. H.
  The Rician distribution of noisy MRI data. (letter to the editor)
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 36, p. 331-333, (1996)
  


• Macovski A.
  Noise in MRI
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 36, p. 494-497, (1996)
  


• McRobbie D. W.
  The absolute signal-to-noise ratio in MRI acceptance testing.
  British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 69, p. 1045-1048, (1996)
  


• Sijbers J., Scheunders P., Bonnet N., Van Dyck D., and Raman E.
  Quantification and improvement of the SNR in an MR image acquisition procedure
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 14, Nr. 10, p. 1157-1167, (1996)
  

1995

• Gudbjartsson H. and Patz S.
  The Rician distribution of noisy MRI data
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 34, p. 910-914, (1995)
  


• Wang J., A. Reykowski, and J. Dickas
  Calculation of the signal-to-noise ratio for simple surface coils and arrays of coils
  IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 42, p. 908-917, (1995)
  

1994

• M. McJury, A. Blug, C. Joerger, B. Condon, and D. Wyper
  Acoustic noise levels during magnetic resonance imaging scanning at 1.5 T
  British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 67, Nr. 796, p. 413-415, (1994)
  


• Wang Y. and Lei T.
  Statistical analysis of MR imaging and its applications in image modeling
  Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Proc. and Neural Networks, Vol. I, p. 866-870, (1994)
  

1993

• Murphy B. W., Carson P. L., Ellis J. H., Zhang Y. T., Hyde R. J. and Chenevert T. L.
  SNR measures for MR imagers
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 11, p. 425-428, (1993)
  


• McGibney G. and Smith M. R.
  An unbiased SNR measure for MR images
  Medical Physics, Vol. 20, Nr. 4, p. 1077-1078, (1993)
  


• Miller A. J. and Joseph P. M.
  The use of power images to perform quantitative analysis on low SNR MR images
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 11, p. 1051-1056, (1993)
  


• Tapiovaara M. J. and Wagner R. F.
  SNR and noise measurements for medical imaging
  Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 38, p. 71-92, (1993)
  

1992

• Hua J., Hurst G. C., Duerk J. L.
  Some noise properties of 2DFT MR images from asymmetrically sampled data
  Medical Physics, Vol. 19, Nr. 5, p. 1191-1194, (1992)
  


• Hurst G. C., Hua J., et al.
  Signal-to-noise, resolution, and bias function analysis of asymmetric sampling with zero-padded magnitude FT reconstruction
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 27, Nr. 2, p. 247-269, (1992)
  


• Redpath T. W.
  Noise correlation in multicoil receiver systems
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 24, p. 85-89, (1992)
  

1991

• Godtliebsen
  Noise reduction using Markov Random Fields
  Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 92, p. 102, (1991)
  

1990

• Conturo T. E. and Smith G. D.
  SNR in phase angle reconstruction: dynamic range extension using phase reference offsets
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 15, p. 420-437, (1990)
  


• Owen R. S. and Wehrli F. W.
  Predictability of SNR and reader preference in clinical MRI
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 8, Nr. 6, p. 737-745, (1990)
  


• Parker D. L. and Gullberg G. T.
  Signal-to-noise efficiency in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  Medical Physics, Vol. 17, p. 250-257, (1990)
  


• Roemer PB, Edelstein WA, Hayes CE, Souza SP, Mueller OM. ,
  "The NMR phased array",
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 16(2):p. 192-225, Nov, (1990)
  


• Yoda K., Itagaki H., and Fujimura S.
  Signal-to-noise ratio in Fourier transform NMR imaging
  Proceedings of the twelfth annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, Philadelphia, November 1-4, Vol. 12, Nr. 1, p. 54-56, (1990)
  

1989

• Bernstein M. A., Thomasson D. M., and Perman W. H.
  Improved detectability in low SNR MR images by means of phase-corrected real construction.
  Medical Physics, Vol. 16, Nr. 5, p. 813-817, (1989)
  


• Carlson J. W.
  Power deposition and noise correlation in NMR samples.
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 10, p. 399-403, (1989)
  


• Kaufman L., Kramer D. M., Crooks L. E., and Ortendahl D. A.
  Measuring SNR in MR imaging
  Radiology, Vol. 173, p. 265-267, (1989)
  

1988

• Carlson J., Crooks L., Ortendahl D., Kramer D. M., and Kaufman L.
  SNR and section thickness in 2D versus 3D Fourier Transform MR Imaging
  Radiology, Vol. 166, p. 266-270, (1988)
  


• Fuderer M.
  The information content of MR Images,
  IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Vol. 7, Nr. 4, p. 368-380, (1988)
  


• Mugler J. P. and Brookeman J. R.
  The optimum data sampling period for maximum signal-to-noise ratio in MR imaging.
  Reviews of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 3, Nr. 1, p. 1-51, (1988)
  


• Sano R. M.
  NEMA standards. Performance Standards for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Systems.
  In: R.L. Dixon (Ed). MRI Acceptance Testing and Quality Control
  WI: Medical Physics Publishing Company, p. 185-189, (1988)
  

1987

• R. E. Hendrick
  Sampling time effects on signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios in spin-echo MRI
  Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 5, Nr. 1, p. 31-37, (1987)
  

1986

• Edelstein W. A., Glover G. H., Hardy C. J., and Redington R. W.
  The intrinsic SNR in NMR imaging.
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 3, p. 604-618, (1986)
  


• Henkelman R. M.
  Measurement of signal intensities in the presence of noise in MR images
  Medical Physics, Vol. 12, Nr. 2, p. 232-233, (1985)
  [Erratum in Vol. 13, Nr. 4, 544, (1986)]
  

1985

• McVeigh E. R., Bronskill M. J.
  Noise and filtration in MR imaging
  Medical Physics, Vol. 12, Nr. 5, p. 586-591, (1985)
  


• Wagner R. F. and Brown D. G.
  Unified SNR analysis of medical imaging systems
  Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 30, Nr. 6, p. 489-518, (1985)
  

1984

• Edelstein W. A., Bottomley P. A., and Pfeifer L. M.
  A signal-to-noise calibration procedure for NMR imaging systems
  Medical Physics, Vol. 11, Nr. 2, p. 180-185, (1984)
  


• Nalcioglu O. and Cho Z.H.
  Limits to signal-to-noise improvement by FID averaging in NMR imaging
  Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 29, Nr. 8, p. 969-978, (1984)
  


• Ortendahl D. A., Hylton N. M., Kaufman L., and Crooks L. E.
  Signal-to-noise in derived NMR images
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 1, p. 316-338, (1984)
  


• Young I. R.
  Considerations affecting signal and contrast in NMR imaging
  British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 40, Nr. 2, p. 139-147, (1984)
  


• Wagner R. F., D. G. Brown, et al.
  The observer SNR penalty for reconstructions from projections
  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 1, Nr. 1, p. 76-77, (1984)

1983

• Edelstein W. A., Bottomley P. A., Hart H. R., and Smith L. S.
  Signal, noise, and contrast in NMR imaging
  Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, Vol. 7, Nr. 3, p. 391-401, (1983)
  


• Ortendahl D. A.,Crooks L. E., et al.
  A comparison of the noise characteristics of projection reconstruction and two-dimensional Fourier transformations in NMR imaging
  IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 30, Nr. 1, p. 692-696, (1983)
  

• Libove J. M. and Singer J. R.
  Resolution and signal-to-noise relationships in NMR imaging in the human body
  Journal of Physics: section E: Scientific instruments, Vol. 13, p. 38-43, (1980)
  


• Hoult D. I. and Lauterbur P. C.
  The sensitivity of the zeugmatographic experiment involving human samples
  Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 34, p. 425-433, (1979)



• Hoult D. I. and Richards R. E.
  The SNR of the NMR experiment
  Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 24, p. 71-85, (1976)

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